On September 21, 2023 the Advocate General of the CJEU L. Medina issued an opinion in the trademark infringement case concerning car spare parts (C-334/22 Audi).

In her opinion the AG references empirical research conducted by dr hab. Anna Tischner, prof. UJ (Chair of Intellectual Property Law) and dr hab. Katarzyna Stasiuk (Institute  of Applied Psychology), described in the paper Spare Parts, Repairs, Trade Marks and Consumer Understanding.  The research  was funded by the Priority Research Area – Society for the Future under the strategic program “Excellence Initiative-Research University” at the Jagiellonian University.